# Piping Toolset

> Piping Toolset is deliberately narrow: fast, auditable code calculations with engineering-grade reports — not a replacement for CAESAR II, AutoPIPE, Plant 3D, or hydraulic network solvers. Every calculator is a pure function locked by fixture cases, each with its provenance stated on the coverage page, that must run green before any release ships.

## App

- [ASME B31.1 / B31.3 / BPE Calculators](https://pipingtoolset.com/): Fixture-verified ASME B31.1/B31.3/BPE piping calculators with report-grade output. Every free one runs in your browser; its inputs never leave your device.
- [Free ASME B31.3 / B31.1 / BPE Piping Calculators](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/): Free browser piping calculators: ASME B31.3, B31.1, BPE, expansion loops, B31G. Documented methods, stated limitations, fixture-verified worked examples.

## Calculators

### Process Piping — ASME B31.3
- [ASME B31.3 Pipe Wall Thickness Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b313-pipe-wall-thickness/): Pressure design thickness t, minimum required tm, and ordering thickness per B31.3 ¶304.1.2 Eq. (3a).
- [ASME B31.3 Allowable Working Pressure Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b313-allowable-pressure/): Maximum internal pressure a given pipe wall supports — Eq. (3a) solved for P, net of tolerances and allowances.
- [Hydrostatic / Pneumatic Leak Test Pressure Calculator (ASME B31.3)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b31-leak-test-pressure/): Hydro test at 1.5·P·(ST/S) per ¶345.4.2 Eq. (24) and pneumatic test at 1.1·P per ¶345.5.4.
- [Welded Branch Connection Reinforcement Calculator (ASME B31.3 ¶304.3.3)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b313-branch-reinforcement/): Area-replacement check for unreinforced and pad-reinforced fabricated branches, with PASS/FAIL and excess area.
- [Mitered Elbow Allowable Pressure Calculator (ASME B31.3 ¶304.2.3)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b313-miter-bend-pressure/): Multi-miter Eq. (4a)/(4b) and single-miter (θ > 22.5°) allowable pressure with the governing equation identified.
- [Displacement Stress Range Check (ASME B31.3 ¶319.4.4)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b313-displacement-stress-range/): SE = √((|Sa|+Sb)² + 4St²) against the ¶302.3.5(d) allowable SA = f(1.25Sc + 0.25Sh), with PASS/FAIL.
- [Pipe Bend Minimum Wall Thickness Calculator (B31.3 ¶304.2.1)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipe-bend-wall-thickness/): After-bend minimum thickness at intrados, extrados, and centerline via the I-factor correction.

### Power Piping — ASME B31.1
- [ASME B31.1 Power Piping Wall Thickness Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b311-pipe-wall-thickness/): Minimum wall tm for power piping per ¶104.1.2 (SEW + Py form), with allowance A and ordering thickness.
- [ASME B31.1 Maximum Allowable Pressure Calculator (Power Piping)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b311-allowable-pressure/): Maximum internal pressure an installed power-piping wall supports — ¶104.1.2 eq. (5), net of mill tolerance and allowance A.
- [ASME B31.1 Pipe Bend Wall Thickness Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b311-pipe-bend-wall-thickness/): Minimum wall after bending at intrados, extrados and sidewall — B31.1-2026 ¶104.2.1(c) (¶102.4.5 in 2024), with the I factors.
- [ASME B31.1 Hydrostatic Test Pressure Calculator (¶137.4.5, 90% of Yield)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b311-hydrostatic-test-pressure/): Hydrostatic 1.5 × P per ¶137.4.5, pneumatic 1.2–1.5 × P, and the hoop stress at test against 90% of yield (¶102.3.3).
- [ASME B31.1 Safety Valve Reaction Force Calculator (Appendix II, Open Discharge)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b311-safety-valve-reaction-force/): Open-discharge reaction F1 = ṁV1/gc + (P1 − Pa)A1 with the Appendix II exit state, 1.11 × stamped capacity and the dynamic load factor.

### BPE / Hygienic Tubing
- [Dead-Leg L/d Ratio Calculator (ASME BPE)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-dead-leg-calculator/): L/d ratio of a branch dead leg against the SD-3.1.2.2 target of 2, with PASS/FAIL and margin.
- [Hygienic Line Slope / GSD Drainability Calculator (ASME BPE)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-slope-drainability/): Converts any slope input to in/ft, mm/m, % and degrees, and classifies it against the BPE GSD designations.
- [CIP Spray Device Flow Sizing Calculator (ASME BPE)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-spray-device-flow/): Vessel spray-ball flow from wetted-perimeter coverage rates — vertical and horizontal vessels, device-type bands.
- [CIP Flow & Velocity Calculator (5 ft/s Rule, ASME BPE)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/cip-flow-velocity/): Required CIP flow for a target line velocity — or achieved velocity from available flow — with PASS/FAIL.
- [PREN Calculator (Pitting Resistance Equivalent, ASME BPE)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-pren-calculator/): PREN from mill-certificate composition, with the App. F-3 classification band for stainless, duplex and nickel alloys.
- [Ferrite / Weldability Calculator (WRC-1992, ASME BPE)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-ferrite-number-calculator/): WRC-1992 Cr and Ni equivalents, the BN2 low-ferrite discriminant, and the autogenous-weld sulfur window.
- [Ra Surface-Finish Calculator (ASME BPE SF Designations)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-ra-surface-finish/): Converts measured Ra and the grade ceiling into one unit and reports the ratio, with PASS/FAIL.
- [Electropolish Removal & Passivation Acceptance Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-electropolish-passivation/): EP metal removal from coupon mass loss, plus Cr/Fe and oxide-depth passivation acceptance in one verdict.
- [Tube Weld Acceptance Calculator (ASME BPE MJ-8.4-1)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-tube-weld-acceptance/): Concavity, convexity and misalignment against their MJ-8.4-1 limits, with the governing ratio.
- [ASME BPE Fitting Dimensions Lookup (Part DT-4.1)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-fitting-dimensions/): DT-4.1 take-out dimensions for weld and clamp elbows, tees, crosses, instrument tees, reducers, ferrules and end caps, 1/2 to 6 in.

### Thermal Flexibility & Pipelines
- [Stress Intensification & Flexibility Factor Calculator (B31.3 Appendix D)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b313-stress-intensification-factors/): Closed-form h, k, ii, io for elbows and welding tees — the inputs to every displacement-stress check.
- [Polymer Thermal Expansion Calculator (ASME BPE PM-4.2.3)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bpe-polymer-thermal-expansion/): Thermal growth of a thermoplastic run in inches and millimetres, with the PM-4.2.3 unknown-install-temperature margin.
- [CPVC Pipe Pressure Rating and Wall Thickness Calculator (ASME B31.3 / B31.1)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/cpvc-pipe-pressure-rating/): Required wall and pressure rating of CPVC pipe per B31.3-2024 Chapter VII or B31.1-2026 Appendix N, with a wall pass/fail.
- [Expansion Loop / Leg Sizing Calculator (Guided Cantilever)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipe-expansion-loop-sizing/): U-loop, Z-offset and L-bend leg lengths from thermal growth — metallic and plastic pipe, classic Kellogg form.
- [Pipe Thermal Growth Calculator (in / 100 ft)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipe-thermal-growth/): Free thermal expansion between anchors from the tabulated in/100 ft coefficient — the field method.
- [ASME B31.4 / B31.8 / B31.11 Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipeline-wall-thickness/): Pressure design thickness t, nominal required tn after allowance, and hoop utilization for liquid, gas and slurry pipelines.
- [Pipeline MAOP Calculator — Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (ASME B31.8 / B31.4)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipeline-maop/): MAOP as the lowest of pipe design pressure, test-qualified pressure, and any component or historical cap — with the governing basis named.
- [Slurry Critical Deposition Velocity Calculator (Durand–Condolios)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/slurry-deposition-velocity/): Critical deposition velocity VD from the Durand form, the actual velocity from flow and bore, and the operating margin between them.
- [API RP 14E Erosional Velocity Calculator (Line Sizing)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/erosional-velocity-api-rp-14e/): Erosional velocity limit Ve = C/√ρ, the actual line velocity from flow and bore, and the ratio between them.
- [Pipeline Hydrostatic Test Pressure Calculator (ASME B31.4 / B31.8)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipeline-hydrotest-pressure/): Test pressure from the code factor, the Barlow hoop stress it develops, and the ratio against the %SMYS cap.
- [Thermal Expansion Table Interpolation Calculator (in/100 ft)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/thermal-expansion-interpolation/): Interpolates unit thermal expansion between two code table rows and scales it to total growth over a run length.

### Occasional Loads — Wind & Seismic
- [ASCE 7 Wind Load on Piping Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/wind-load-on-piping/): Velocity pressure qz, design pressure on the projected area, and distributed wind load in lb/ft per ASCE 7 §26.10.2 and §29.4.1.
- [ASCE 7 Seismic Design Force (Fp) Calculator — for ASME B31E Piping Qualification](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/seismic-design-force/): Component seismic force Fp per ASCE 7 §13.3.1 (7-16 or 7-22 form), its 0.3–1.6·SDS·Ip·Wp bounds, and the lateral g coefficient B31E qualification uses.
- [Water Hammer Calculator — Joukowsky Surge Pressure and Wave Speed](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/water-hammer-surge/): Elastic-pipe wave speed a, the Joukowsky surge rise ΔP = ρ·a·ΔV/(144·g), and the 2L/a critical closure period.
- [Snow and Ice Load on Piping Calculator (ASCE 7 Inputs)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/snow-ice-load-on-piping/): Ice line load from a uniform radial annulus, snow load on the projected width, and the total added weight in lb/ft.

### Pipe Supports
- [Pipe Support Spacing Calculator — Maximum Deflection-Limited Span](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipe-support-spacing/): Section moment of inertia I and the maximum deflection-limited span L from beam theory — the sag criterion itself, not a tabulated span.
- [Variable Spring Hanger Load Variability Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/spring-hanger-variability/): Cold load, load change and variability % for a variable spring hanger, checked against your own limit.

### Equipment & Bolted Flange
- [Equipment Nozzle Load Check Calculator (API 610 / NEMA SM-23)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/nozzle-load-check/): Per-component unity ratios, the governing component, and resultants FR and MR for piping loads at an equipment nozzle.
- [Flange Equivalent Pressure Calculator (Kellogg Method)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/bolted-flange-equivalent-pressure/): Converts external moment and axial force on a flanged joint into an equivalent pressure Pe and a utilization against the flange rating.
- [EN 1591-1 Bolted Flange Load-Balance Screening Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/en-1591-flange-screening/): Force-balance screen for a bolted flange per EN 1591-1: gasket area, assembly/operating bolt-load requirement, available bolt load, gasket crush check.

### General Engineering Tools
- [ASME B16.5 Flange Rating Calculator (Pressure–Temperature)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b165-flange-rating-calculator/): Working-pressure rating for a flange's material group and class at design temperature, per ASME B16.5-2017 — with interpolation.
- [Pipe Trapeze / Strongback Hanger Calculator (Channel Size, Rod Size, Max Spacing)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipe-trapeze-strongback-sizing/): Back-to-back channel trapeze sizing: AISC 360 channel selection, threaded-rod sizing on root area, and max strongback spacing with the governor named.
- [Flange Bolt Tightening Sequence Calculator (Star Pattern Chart + Pass Torques)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/flange-bolt-tightening-sequence/): Star-pattern bolt-up sequence for any flange (4–68 bolts): the numbered chart, the written order, and multi-pass torque percentages with the final circular pass.
- [Piping Criticality Evaluation Calculator (API 580/581 Screening Rubric)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/criticality-evaluation-piping/): Consequence + likelihood + utilization screening rubric that scores a line CLASS 1 HIGH through CLASS 4 MINOR, with every point shown.
- [Analysis Sets: Multi-Code Piping Stress Comparison Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/multi-code-pipe-stress-comparison/): One load case run through B31.1/B31.3/B31.4/B31.8 side by side — sustained, expansion, hoop and combined unity in a single table.
- [AISC 360 Steel Member Check Calculator (ASD) for Pipe-Support Steel](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/aisc-steel-member-check/): AISC 360 ASD interaction check for pipe-support steel — Fe/Fcr, Pn/Mn capacities and the governing H1 ratio from section properties you supply.
- [EJMA Bellows Expansion Joint Rating Calculator](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/ejma-expansion-joint-rating/): Pressure thrust, spring loads on anchors, and column-squirm (instability) screening pressure for a metallic bellows expansion joint, per EJMA.
- [Welding Tee Stress Intensification Factor Calculator (Legacy B31.3 Appendix D, 2018 and Earlier)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/welding-tee-sif/): In-plane and out-of-plane SIFs (ii, io) and flexibility factor k for a B16.9 welding tee, from the App D closed form.

### Fatigue & Remaining Strength
- [B31G Corroded Pipe Remaining Strength Calculator (Level 1)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/b31g-corroded-pipe-strength/): Safe pressure of a corroded pipeline from defect depth and length — original B31G parabolic form with Folias factor.
- [Charpy Arrest Energy Calculator (Battelle CVN Requirement)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/charpy-arrest-energy/): Required full-size Charpy energy to arrest a running ductile fracture, and the ratio against the mill-certified CVN.
- [Pipeline Dent Depth Screening Calculator (Plain Dents, %OD)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/pipeline-dent-screening/): Dent depth as a percentage of outside diameter, against the plain-dent acceptance limit your code and dent type allow.
- [DNV-RP-F101 Corroded Pipe Calculator (Single Defect Capacity)](https://pipingtoolset.com/calculators/dnv-rp-f101-corroded-pipe/): Length correction factor Q, Part B failure pressure, safe working pressure and utilization for a single metal-loss defect.

## Tools

- [Browser Piping Tools — ISO, FEA, Flange, Nozzle, PSV](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/): Browser tools for piping engineers: iso drawing, nozzle/shell FEA, structural supports, bolted flanges, equipment nozzle loads, PSV sizing, spring selection.
- [Piping Isometric Drawing Online — No CAD Seat Required](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/piping-iso-drawing/): Draw piping isometrics in your browser: 3D model, ft-in-sixteenths dims, stress-style node numbers, Excel BOM/cut list, PDF, DXF. No CAD seat. Start free.
- [Pipe Stress FEA Online — Nozzle & Shell Junction Checks](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/pipe-stress-fea/): Screening-grade pipe stress FEA online: nozzle-to-shell junction checks — primary, secondary, and fatigue stress vs allowables, report-grade output. See plans.
- [Pipe Support Structural Design — AISC 360-22 & ACI 318-25](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/pipe-support-structural-design/): Design a steel pipe support end to end: member, weld, base plate, anchors, pier and soil in one run. AISC 360-22 LRFD or ASD, ACI 318-25 anchors. See plans.
- [Relief Valve Sizing Online — API 520 + B31.1 Reaction](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/relief-valve-sizing/): API 520 relief valve sizing — gas critical/subcritical, steam (Napier), certified liquid — with the B31.1 App. II reaction force and an API 521 router.
- [SIF & Flexibility Factors — ASME B31J-2023 & NM.1 HDPE](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/sif-flexibility-factors/): B31J-2023 SIFs and flexibility factors behind a sketch picker — bends, miters, branch connections, reducers, joints — plus the NM.1-2022 HDPE i & k catalog.
- [Bolted Flange Analysis — BPVC VIII-2 Part 4.16 Online](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/bolted-flange-analysis/): Kellogg equivalent-pressure screening vs B16.5 ratings, full VIII-2 Part 4.16 (ex VIII-1 App. 2) flange stresses and rigidity, an EN 1591-1 screen, a 3D model.
- [Nozzle Loads — API 610, NEMA SM-23, WRC-107-Style Screen](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/equipment-nozzle-loads/): Check equipment nozzle loads in the browser: API 610 Annex F, NEMA SM-23, a WRC-107-style local-stress screen (your chart coefficients), UCS-66 MDMT. Pro Plus.
- [Expansion Joint Design — VIII-2 Bellows & Rubber Rating](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/expansion-joint-design/): Bellows verification to ASME VIII-2 Section 4.19, plus rubber-joint rating, anchor loads, a GA sheet, DXF twin and PDF design package. Pro Plus tool.
- [ASCE 7 Wind & Seismic Site Hazards for Piping — PiperOCC](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/asce-site-hazards/): Edition-explicit ASCE 7-10/16/22 wind and seismic occasional loads for piping, response-spectrum CSV review, and a one-click PiperBRC handoff.
- [Pipe Brace Seismic & Wind Demand — PiperBRC](https://pipingtoolset.com/tools/pipe-brace-seismic/): Axial demand, vertical reaction and MSS SP-127 angle/slenderness screening for one rigid pipe brace, with SeisBrace PDF reconciliation. Pro Plus tool.
- [PiperHGR — PT&P Spring Sizing / 3D Model / Datasheet](https://pipingtoolset.com/ptp-support-tool/): Size variable springs, compact springs, and Fig. 400 hangers against PT&P catalog data, build the 3D assembly drawing, and export a submittal sheet. (Pro Plus subscription required; page and method are free to read.)

## AI assistant plugin

- [PipingToolset for Claude — B31 Piping Skills for Claude Code and Cowork](https://pipingtoolset.com/claude/): Six ASME B31.3 / B31.1 pipe stress skills for Claude Code and Cowork: stress import, load case builder, pipe stress check, pipe support, nozzle load, bolted flange. Claude interviews, a script computes, no ASME/API/PIP tables are embedded, the plugin sends nothing to PipingToolset. Pipe support bundles the AISC 360-22 tables and the AISC Shapes Database (both published free by AISC) and the ASCE 7-22 and ACI CODE-318-25 Chapter 17 (318-19 selectable) factors, disclosed in its code basis. An optional connector serves cited reference data. Free, Apache-2.0, version 0.10.2; source and releases at https://github.com/pipingtoolset/pipingtoolset-claude.
- [PipingToolset for ChatGPT and Codex — B31 Piping Skills for OpenAI's Assistants](https://pipingtoolset.com/openai/): Six ASME B31.3 / B31.1 pipe stress skills for ChatGPT and OpenAI Codex: stress import, load case builder, pipe stress check, pipe support, nozzle load, bolted flange. The assistant interviews, a script computes, no ASME/API/PIP tables are embedded, the plugin sends nothing to PipingToolset. Pipe support bundles the AISC 360-22 tables and the AISC Shapes Database (both published free by AISC) and the ASCE 7-22 and ACI CODE-318-25 Chapter 17 (318-19 selectable) factors, disclosed in its code basis. An optional connector serves cited reference data. The same plugin and release as the Claude page, installed through the Codex marketplace or the ChatGPT plugin directory.
- [Engineering Data connector (MCP) for Claude and ChatGPT](https://pipingtoolset.com/docs/connector/): A read-only MCP server at https://pipingtoolset.com/mcp that returns one cited code-table value per call, table pointers, SKEY/PCF mappings, AISC shapes and fixture-linked worked examples.

## Guides

- [Piping Guides — B31J SIFs, Load Cases, Leak Tests, BPE](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/): Long-form piping guides by a licensed P.E.: B31J SIFs, B31 stress-analysis load cases (B31E seismic, ASCE 7 wind), leak testing, and ASME BPE hygienic design.
- [ASME B31J SIFs & k-Factors: Why B31.3 Deleted Appendix D](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/b31j-stress-intensification-factors/): ASME B31.3-2020 deleted Appendix D and mandates B31J for SIFs and flexibility factors. What changed, why, the practical impact, and how to handle legacy work.
- [Hydrostatic vs Pneumatic Test: When B31.3 Allows Pneumatic](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/hydrostatic-vs-pneumatic-leak-test/): B31.3 makes hydrostatic the default. When pneumatic is allowed: 1.5·P·ST/S and 1.1·P test pressures, ¶345.2.1 limits, worked example. Free calculator.
- [ASME BPE-2026 Hygienic Piping Design: Dead Legs, Slope, CIP](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/bpe-hygienic-piping-design/): ASME BPE-2026 hygienic design: the L/d ≤ 2 dead-leg rule, all four GSD slope designations, and the 5 ft/s CIP target — with a free calculator for each.
- [ASME B31 Pipe Stress Load Cases — B31E Seismic & ASCE 7 Wind](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/b31-pipe-stress-load-cases/): Load cases for ASME B31.1/B31.3 pipe stress analysis — sustained, occasional, expansion, test — and how ASCE 7 wind and B31E seismic loads enter the model.
- [Bolted Flange External Loads: Kellogg to VIII-2 Part 4.16](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/bolted-flange-external-loads/): How to check a bolted flange for piping moments and axial force: the Kellogg equivalent-pressure screen, ASME VIII-1 UG-44(b), and VIII-2 Part 4.16.
- [Pipe Support Stiffness in Stress Analysis: Rigid vs Real](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/support-stiffness-stress-models/): CAESAR II and AutoPIPE default every restraint to rigid. Real supports run far softer. How to calculate support stiffness and when rigid misleads you.
- [PSV Reaction Force & Relief Valve Piping Supports](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/psv-relief-valve-piping-supports/): Get the PSV discharge reaction force (API 520-II, B31.1 App. II), apply it as an occasional load, and support the outlet with a stanchion into steel.
- [How to Read a Piping Isometric Drawing (Symbols & Welds)](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/piping-isometric-drawings/): How to read a piping isometric drawing: the 30° axes, title block, north arrow, dimensions, weld marks, symbols and rolling offsets, with figures.
- [Non-Metallic Pipe Stress Analysis: FRP, HDPE, PVC/CPVC](https://pipingtoolset.com/guides/nonmetallic-pipe-stress-analysis-frp-hdpe-pvc/): How to run a formal stress analysis on FRP, HDPE and PVC/CPVC piping in CAESAR II or AutoPIPE: codes, load cases, inputs, vendor data, spans and mistakes.

## FAQ

- [Piping Engineering FAQ — B31.1, B31.3, BPE, Flange, PSV](https://pipingtoolset.com/faq/): Every piping FAQ we publish in one index — B31.1 power piping, pipe stress, wall thickness, BPE hygienic design, flange ratings, nozzle loads, PSV sizing.
- [B31.1 Leak Test Pressure: Hydro 1.5×, Pneumatic 1.2–1.5×](https://pipingtoolset.com/faq/b311-leak-test-pressure/): ASME B31.1-2026 ¶137: hydrostatic at 1.5× design (¶137.4.5), pneumatic 1.2–1.5× (¶137.5.5), 10-minute hold, 90% yield cap, and hydrotest alternatives.
- [ASME B31.1 Stress Intensification Factors FAQ — B31J i, k](https://pipingtoolset.com/faq/b311-stress-intensification-factors/): ASME B31.1-2026 SIF FAQ: Appendix D deleted, i- and k-factors from B31J Table 1-1, sustained indices max(0.75i, 1.0), direction-split Figure 104.8-1 equations.
- [ASME B31.1 PSV Reaction Force FAQ — Appendix II, DLF](https://pipingtoolset.com/faq/b311-psv-reaction-forces/): B31.1-2026 PSV reaction FAQ: App. II open-discharge force, 1.11 capacity factor, DLF ≥ 1.1, branch moment, closed-discharge transients, II-4 limits.
- [ASME B31.1 Pipe Support Spacing FAQ — Table 121.5-1](https://pipingtoolset.com/faq/b311-pipe-support-spacing/): ASME B31.1-2026 support spacing FAQ: what ¶121.5 requires, the Table 121.5-1 basis (2,300 psi, 0.1 in sag, ≤750°F), when to calculate, and the ¶120–121 rules.
- [ASME B31.1 Occasional Loads FAQ — Wind, Seismic, k Factor](https://pipingtoolset.com/faq/b311-occasional-loads/): ASME B31.1-2026 occasional loads FAQ: k = 1.15/1.2 by duration (¶104.8.2), eq. (16), ASCE 7 wind and seismic with no ASD reduction (¶101.5), relief reactions.

## Examples

- [Worked Piping Calculation Examples — B31.3, B31.1, BPE](https://pipingtoolset.com/examples/): Fixture-verified worked examples for ASME B31.3, B31.1, BPE, expansion loops, and B31G — full step-by-step arithmetic re-verified on every commit.

## Pricing

- [Piping Toolset Pricing — Free Calculators, Pro $2.99/mo](https://pipingtoolset.com/pricing/): Every ASME calculator is free, no account needed. Pro ($2.99/mo) adds reports, Pro Plus ($7.99/mo) the Piper tools, Ultimate ($14.99/mo) FEA and ISO drawings.

## Trust

- [Validation Methodology — How Every Calculator Is Verified](https://pipingtoolset.com/trust/validation.html): How Piping Toolset validates its B31/BPE calculators: fixtures with stated provenance, two harnesses on one fixture set, a CI gate where red blocks release.
- [Source & Citation Policy — Where the Numbers Come From](https://pipingtoolset.com/trust/sources.html): Source policy: every calculator cites its governing standard and paragraph, plus the inventory of embedded standard data and derived catalogs.
- [Fixture Coverage — Every Module, Every Locked Case](https://pipingtoolset.com/trust/coverage.html): Live fixture coverage for calc-core: every module, governing ASME reference, locked case count, verdict paths, and tolerance — regenerated every build.
- [Changelog — Suite Updates & Calculation Record](https://pipingtoolset.com/trust/changelog.html): Piping Toolset changelog: suite and build updates plus every change to calculation behavior, with the fixture that locks it and the derivation basis.
- [About — the Engineer Behind Piping Toolset](https://pipingtoolset.com/about/): Piping Toolset is built by Matthew Norris, P.E. — a licensed piping engineer (AZ, CA, KS, MO, NC, TX) with 13 years on process, power, LNG and hygienic plants.

## Full content

- [llms-full.txt](https://pipingtoolset.com/llms-full.txt): every indexable page's full text — method, limitations, worked examples, FAQ — in one plain-text file.